Tick-Borne Babesiosis On The Rise: What To Know In New Hampshire

CONCORD, NH — Babesiosis, a dangerous and, in rare cases, deadly tick-borne disease that mainly circulates in the Northeast and Midwest, is increasing in prevalence and may be a risk in New Hampshire, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a report Thursday.

Babesiosis cases, which are primarily transmitted through black-legged tick bites, increased in eight of the 10 northeastern states that reported illnesses from 2011 to 2019. It declined in only two states where the disease is now considered endemic, Minnesota and Wisconsin.

Also, the CDC said, three new states, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, joined the list of states where babesiosis is now considered endemic. The disease is already considered endemic in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island.

The first U.S. case of babesiosis was reported on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, in 1969, but the CDC didn’t ask state health departments to report it until 2011. According to the report, tick-borne diseases increased 25 percent from 40,795 reported illnesses in 2011 to 50,856 in 2019.

Between 2011-2019, 16,456 cases of babesiosis were reported to the CDC.

New Hampshire saw an increase of 371.5 percent rise in babesiosis cases, from 1 in 2011 to 4.6 in 2019, per 100,000 residents.

In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration recommended screening blood donations for babesiosis in 15 states — the 10 where it is now endemic, but also in Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

Symptoms of babesiosis can include fever, chills, sweats, headaches, body aches, nausea, fatigue, and muscle and joint pain.

Illnesses may be asymptomatic, mild, or severe. In rare cases, the disease can be fatal, especially for immunocompromised people or lack a spleen. Federal health data shows up to 20 percent of adult cases, and 50 percent of pediatric cases are asymptomatic. Still, illnesses can also range from mild to severe, with complications including plummeting blood platelets, kidney failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome, which causes a buildup of fluid in the lungs.

According to the CDC, the illness can be treated with a combination of antimicrobial medications, such as azithromycin and atovaquone.

To avoid tick bites, the CDC said:

• Wear long pants when spending time outdoors;
• Stay out of underbrush and long grass;
• Use a tick repellant.

The researchers said babesiosis is likely more common than indicated by the data, which is incomplete because not all states report cases to the CDC and asymptomatic cases aren’t flagged by physicians.

Babesiosis can also be spread through blood transfusions and organ donations from an infected person, or from mother to child during pregnancy, according to the CDC.

The aching and fever associated with babesiosis can sometimes be confused with Lyme disease, but a rash distinguishes it at the site of the tick bite. According to the CDC, about 30,000 cases of Lyme disease are reported annually.

A forecasted wet spring in the country's eastern half could create ideal conditions for ticks, which are usually active from late May until early September. Scientists think longer summers contribute to an increase in tick-borne illnesses. Also, exploding deer populations have given the black-legged tick — often commonly known as a deer tick — more hosts for feeding and reproduction.