Learn to Recognize, Treat and Prevent Heat Stroke

By Dennis McGill, M.D., board-certified emergency medicine physician and director of Somerset Medical Center’s Emergency Department and Somerset Medical Center’s Urgent Care in Hillsborough

Summer is the season to be out and enjoying the nice weather, but even though you may be ready for some time in the sun, your body may not be prepared to handle the accompanying heat. Without proper hydration, your body is susceptible to heat stroke. Heat stroke, also referred to as sun stroke, is the most severe form of heat illness and can cause damage to the brain or potentially be fatal if not treated immediately. Although every instance of heat stroke requires immediate medical attention, it is important to learn how to recognize the signs, alleviate symptoms until emergency responders arrive, and learn preventative measures you can take to make sure you enjoy your summer fun.  To recognize heat stroke, look for these symptoms:

• Disorientation and Confusion – Experiencing a throbbing headache, nausea, confusion, or dizziness is a beginning stage of heat stroke. These symptoms are a result of the body recognizing its temperature is increasing at a very fast rate. By ignoring these symptoms, you put yourself at risk of fainting, or even having a seizure.

• Inability to function properly – Experiencing cramps, weakness, or a lack of sweating despite the heat are common symptoms of heat stroke that make it hard for a person to function properly. Physical activity under the hot sun can cause a rapid heartbeat that can affect other imperative functions in your body, including your breathing.

If you or someone you’re with experiences any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.  Once medical professionals have been alerted, use these tips to cool down someone going through heat stroke:

• Find a cool, shady or air conditioned area – Move the person suffering from heat stroke into a cooler environment. If it is possible, an air conditioned room is the best option.

• Apply ice or cool, damp cloth to the skin – Ice packs or cool, damp cloths can help body temperature drop. Place the ice packs or cloths in strategic areas that are full of blood vessels to help cool the body faster, such as the armpits, neck and back.

While seeking medical help and using the above tips are critical steps in treating heat stroke, the best way to treat it is to prevent it. Use these tips to keep cool during outdoor activity:

• Understand your risks – Infants, young children and the elderly are the most susceptible to heat stroke and should avoid prolonged exposure to the heat. Young athletes are also more likely to be in the sun during the hottest hours of the day, potentially putting their health at risk. Pre-existing health conditions such as lung, heart or kidney disease, diabetes, or being over or under weight, are also high risk factors. Consider the medications you’re taking as well; insulin, heart medication, and other important prescription drugs can affect your body’s reaction to the heat.

• Keep hydrated – Always increase your fluid intake in hot environments, especially when working and exercising outdoors.  Dehydration can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke.  Be sure to drink enough fluids throughout the day, and avoid caffeinated beverages like coffee or tea, which can lead to dehydration.

• Wear lightweight, light colored, loose fit clothing – Lighter colors reflect sunlight, and loose clothes keep your body from feeling restricted. A hat and sunscreen should also be part of your daily outdoor routine.

• Take advantage of cooler times in the day – It’s a great idea to exercise during sunrise or sunset, as temperatures are typically cooler during those times, lowering your risk of heat stroke.

If you experience signs of heat stroke or recognize them in someone else, call 911 immediately. Certain treatment methods can save your life and significantly decrease any potential, lasting effects.  Please note that each individual may experience symptoms differently and all of the above signs may not occur.  Don’t ignore any potential warning signs; take action immediately.  Being prepared will help you beat the heat and enjoy your time in the sun this summer.