In her talk, Defying the Enemy, Professor Suzanne Vromen will show that Jewish passivity during the Holocaust is simply a myth. While the most famous example of armed Jewish resistance is the tragic Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, in fact Jews resisted in every country, in forests, ghettoes and camps. Even in the extermination camps of Sobibor, Treblinka and Birkenau, Jews rebelled and destroyed gas chambers. Whether in ghettos or camps, resistance also meant fighting dehumanization by attempting to remain culturally and intellectually alive. Resistance also involved rescue, by smuggling children and adults to safety. Given the often hopeless situations and brutal Nazi reprisals, it is surprising that so many did resist in so many different ways and different places. Prof. Vromen will also discuss the role of non-Jewish resisters, including Muslims, in saving Jews.